Direct air captures the path to emissions targets

By  Scott Walker ,  Ruth Dawkins 13 June 2023 7 min read

This explainer was updated on 8 November 2024

As Australia and the world grapple with the challenge of reaching ambitious emission reduction targets, one emerging solution for carbon dioxide (CO2) removal is direct air capture (DAC). With significant research dollars and tax incentives (particularly in the US) available, DAC technologies are being accelerated through global laboratories and into scaled field deployment.

Dr Claudia Echeverria is the Newcastle-based Research Group Lead of our Sustainable Carbon Technologies team, which is progressing some of our efforts in this space.

"Direct air capture is attracting a lot of attention worldwide. As technologies continue to advance and diversify around carbon capture, utilisation and storage, it’s attracting more and more global scientific research and commercial interest,” Claudia said.

DAC works to gather and capture CO₂ directly from the atmosphere, which can then be either stored or used to produce carbon-based products.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) 2022 Direct Air Capture Report states: "DAC is not an alternative to cutting emissions or an excuse for delaying action but is part of a comprehensive strategy for net zero – where emissions being released are ultimately balanced with emissions removed."

Some also see the bigger promise of DAC. The allure of realising negative emissions instances if it can be fully powered by renewables and effectively used in combination with a variety of carbon storage and utilisation initiatives.

Current state

The first DAC unit was operational in 2010, but field deployment really took off around 2017. According to IEA’s 2022 Report, there are 18 DAC facilities operating in Canada, Europe and the US. Fifteen of these have been commissioned by Swiss based Climeworks, and the majority have CO₂ utilisation as an end use. All are small scale, with some capturing single digit CO₂ tonnes per year. The biggest (Orca), located in Iceland, is capturing 4000 tonnes of CO₂ a year, with a larger facility (Mammoth) in the start-up phase designed to capture 36,000 tonnes of CO₂ per year. 

An industry game changer came in 2021. 1PointFive (a subsidiary of US oil independent, Occidental) announced the engineering and design phase for the world’s most ambitious DAC project to date: Strato. Based on Carbon Engineering technology, initial construction works started in 2023 with the 500,000 tonne per year capacity Texas-based facility to be commercially operating by mid-2025. It plans to expand capacity to extract one million tonnes of atmospheric CO₂ annually.

Stratos is the first of 100 same-sized DAC facilities the company envisages to have globally by 2035. All with the combined carbon removal equivalent of about four billion trees.

It's ambitious and projects will need to navigate the practicalities of facility performance, access to operating environments, policy conditions, available resources and market demand. If realised, its 100 million tonnes of atmospheric CO₂ removal per year would be a step towards the gigatonnes-per-year proportions required by DAC. This is informed by net zero emissions scenarios outlined in the sixth assessment report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

In 2024, 1PointFive announced an agreement with Microsoft to sell 500,000 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) credits - the largest single purchase of CDR credits enabled by DAC to date – with the captured CO2 underlying the credits to be stored through subsurface saline sequestration, not used to produce oil and gas. 

How much CO2 must the world remove?

An MCG full... every two seconds!

The Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG)'s volume is 1,574,000 cubic metres and CO2 comprises about 0.04 percent of our air.

IPCC analysis found up to 20,000 million tonnes per year (MTPA) of CO2 will need to be removed from the atmosphere to achieve global climate targets by 2050. At ~1.2 tonnes of CO2 per MCG, that would require a full MCG worth of CO2 about every 2 seconds to meet an IPCC target.

Directly working on DAC

Our project-focussed teams of chemists, engineers, economists and business developers are collaborating across Australia, the UK and the US on a range of DAC technologies. These are investigated in the lab and through demonstrators, aiming to increase their technology and commercial readiness level.

Dr Paul Feron is a Senior Research Principal Scientist who has been leading work on Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) solutions globally for more than 30 years.

“Direct air capture is an accelerating area of interest within CCUS research. CSIRO has diverse technologies under development as one would expect at this early stage where deployment options and integration with carbon storage and utilisation are being assessed in a technological and economic sense,” Paul said.

"Some DAC’s use solid absorbents, some use a combination liquid/solid absorbent, and some use liquid absorbents. Basically, these absorbents saturate themselves in CO₂ captured from airflow and are then heated to release and secure the gas for piping to geologic storage or use in a manufacturing process," he said.

"All have a focus on producing a level of purity CO₂ as needed for permanent storage or utilisation points and for efficiently regenerating and recovering the absorbent material so that it can be reused in a continuous process."

Liquid absorbent-based technology: ACOHA

Our researchers initially explored the suitability and applicability of amine liquid capture technology for DAC in 2018. This work built on earlier laboratory research and demonstration of the technology for flue gas treatment, and it led to the development of the Ambient CO₂ Harvester (ACOHA), which has the potential to capture millions of tonnes of CO₂ from the atmosphere annually.

Key advantages of the ACOHA technology are its basis in commercially available technologies, potential to drive down costs through process and equipment innovation, and potential to be scaled up quickly to have a real impact in terms of climate change mitigation. There is an opportunity for the CO₂ captured using ACOHA to be used as a renewable feedstock in the beverage industry, directly in greenhouses, for fuels synthesis or locked into long-lived mineral products.

The Newcastle-based research team is also working towards a technology demonstration in Australia in 2026.

Solid/liquid absorbent-based technology: CarbonAssist

In Perth, Western Australia, another research team is collaborating with Santos on the development and deployment of carbon assist technology. This is through a partnership that encompasses a robust framework for future technology commercialisation.

CarbonAssist uses an innovative sorbent material – a combination of 30 per cent solid sorbents and 70 per cent liquid amines – a novel hybrid system that has high selectivity/affinity for CO₂ from the atmosphere. It significantly exceeds current industry benchmarks of utility, economy, and efficacy.

Amir Aryana, a Research Group Leader in our Energy team, said CarbonAssist was developed as part of our strategy to support Australian industries in their energy transition and help them achieve their net zero targets.

"The project aimed to develop a technology that captures CO₂ directly from the air at a very low cost and could be applied to a variety of industries and environmental conditions," Amir said.

The research team is field testing a pilot plant at Santos’ Moomba operations in South Australia. The pilot plant is capable of removing up to 90 tonnes of CO₂ from the atmosphere per annum, with plans for a second, larger unit that will capture up to 365 tonnes per year.

Research is also being conducted as part of our CarbonLock Future Science Platform. This work is investigating how to rapidly increase our capacity for permanent carbon removal from the atmosphere. Our researchers are currently exploring DAC techniques, along with other biological, ocean-based and mineral-based solutions.

What's next?

The main challenge for researchers working on DAC is upscaling the technology to a point where it becomes a feasible, cost-effective means for carbon dioxide to be removed from the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide should then be stored for over 100 years or utilised to make carbon neutral products such as sustainable aviation fuels.

Claudia said approaching this problem from the perspective of a circular carbon economy also means seeing CO₂ in the atmosphere as an untapped resource rather than just a pollutant.

"Assessing the most effective way to do that is as much about economics as it is about the environment," she said.

Irrespective of the different approaches being progressed, DAC is a technology focused on tackling legacy and residual emissions as other capture technologies and practices only reduce current and future emissions to the lowest level achievable.

With a multidisciplinary approach, two decades of research expertise, and a strong track record of establishing effective partnerships with government and industry, we're well positioned to help drive the enormous potential of this work.