The latest round of bushfires, which claimed 27 homes in the Adelaide Hills, has once again highlighted the importance of planning for the worst. Mercifully, no human lives were lost, and it will be important to learn whatever lessons we can to avoid future tragedies.
My colleagues and I analysed 825 deaths in 260 Australian bushfires from 1901 to 2011, and our research has revealed some compelling evidence to help guide residents to plan for future bushfires.
Most people (58 per cent) lost their lives when caught out in the open. Strikingly, 72 per cent of those people were within 200 m of their own homes (this statistic is based only on cases where details are accurately known).
I encourage you to imagine what circumstances and decisions might have led to these outcomes. Do a large number of people simply wait to see if the fire is really going to arrive on their doorstep?
Bushfire deaths within a house are most prevalent during our most severe fire events, representing 75 per cent of all fatalities during bushfires that occurred on days with ‘catastrophic’ (code red) fire danger conditions. This is despite them representing only 27 per cent of all bushfire deaths.
Of those who died inside homes, 92 per cent were in rooms that did not have a door that led directly to the exterior of the house (once again, this is based only on cases where circumstances are accurately known). This raises uncomfortable questions: why did these people apparently not try to leave the home as the house fire developed? Were they monitoring the conditions outside as the fire passed? Had they thought about which exit was the safest?
Homes under attack
When a fire arrives at a property, the house will experience ember attack. This attack is strongest as the main fire arrives and will persist for a long time after it has passed, and may also start to happen before the fire actually arrives. If the house is close enough to the bush it may also be affected by radiant heat, and if very close then direct flame contact is possible, although most houses are lost without any direct interaction from a bushfire front – which goes some way to account for the seemingly random loss patterns that occur.
Given the timing and intensity of ember attack, it is no surprise that our data show that houses can ignite before, during, and after a fire front’s passage – with the most likely time being during and immediately after the fire front has passed.
For the relatively small number of houses that ignite before the fire front arrives, the occupants may be faced with life-threatening conditions both inside and outside at the same time. There are also a few cases were houses are built so close to the bush or other combustible elements that even the low-level fire that persists after the main fire front has passed is too intense to survive outside.
Nevertheless, for the vast majority of homes that burn in bushfires, it is likely that at any given time, conditions would be survivable either inside or outside the house. That means that, with the right strategy, lives should not be lost.
Designing a lifesaving strategy
It is interesting to note that the current building codes for bushfire-prone areas include specific fire weather severity limits beyond which these standards may no longer be effective. The standards aim to reduce the risk that a building will catch fire, but they also rule out any guarantee that it won’t. The code also doesn’t address the issues of how fast burning homes might succumb, or of how to provide a safe or effective exit path from the building.
So even if your bushland home is fully up to code, you need to plan for a wide range of scenarios. Fire agencies across Australia have stressed the importance for people living in bushfire-prone areas to develop a fire survival plan, and your local fire agency is the best place to start on developing a plan and educating yourself about the specific local fire conditions you might face.
Once a plan has been developed I encourage residents to test their fire plan by checking whether it answers the following questions:
- At what level of forecast fire weather severity will you retreat to a non-bushfire-prone area for the day?
- Do you understand the local potential fire severity for weather conditions below this level?
- For any given circumstances, what are the signs or triggers that indicate that it is no longer safe to evacuate to a non-bushfire prone area? For some isolated communities this will be when fire weather severity passes a certain level; for other, less isolated residents it will be when they are no longer certain that the roads are moving freely and fire will not impact their travel route.
- What and where is your personal protective equipment and firefighting tools?
- Is the property free from combustible items under or adjacent to the home?
- Is the home in an acceptable state of repair to survive a bushfire?
- Which areas would be the safest external location to move to if it becomes impossible to stay in the house?
- Does the path leading to this cleared area involve walking over or past combustible elements such as vehicles and decking?
- How do I monitor all rooms and cavity areas of the home for signs of ignition of fire development inside the house?
- What do you have on hand to monitor and put out these fires (stored water, ladders to monitor internal roof space, etc.)?
- If you can’t put them out, which exit path is the most appropriate?
And remember:
A deep understanding of the nature of bushfire threat is your best tool in assessing and managing your own risk.
Justin Leonard heads CSIRO’s Bushfire Urban Design team, focusing on the detailed understanding of how infrastructure design and sitting influence it loss potential for various levels of fire arrival severity. This article was originally published on The Conversation.