Marine National Facility

Year in Review 2023–24

Operated by CSIRO, 
Australia’s National Science Agency, 
on behalf of the nation



Citation

Marine National Facility Year in Review 2023–24 (2024). 
CSIRO, Australia.

Copyright

© Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research 
Organisation 2024. To the extent permitted by law, all 
rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered 
by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or 
by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO.

Important disclaimer

CSIRO advises that the information contained in this 
publication comprises general statements based on 
scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be 
aware that such information may be incomplete or unable 
to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions 
must therefore be made on that information without 
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Acknowledgements

The Marine National Facility (MNF) is funded by the 
Australian Government, including funding from the 
National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy 
(NCRIS), and is operated by CSIRO, Australia’s national 
science agency, on behalf of the nation. 

CSIRO acknowledges the Traditional Owners of the land, sea 
and waters of the area that we live and work across Australia. 
We acknowledge their continuing connection to their culture 
and we pay our respects to their Elders past and present.

This research is 
enabled by NCRIS.

This research is supported 
by the Science and 
Industry Endowment 
Fund.

Cover: RV Investigator and voyage co-chief scientists Benoit Legresy 
and Helen Phillips preparing the EM-APEX float for deployment. 
Image: Amelia Pearson



Contents

About the MNF............................................................................................................................................1From the Chair.............................................................................................................................................2From the Director......................................................................................................................................32023–24 snapshot.....................................................................................................................................4Research delivered and supported...................................................................................................510 years of RV Investigator ...........................................................................................................5Map of 2023–24 voyages......................................................................................................................6Voyages delivered......................................................................................................................................7Collaboration for national benefit....................................................................................................12Connecting with Australians ..............................................................................................................14

Image: Robert Strzepek

About the MNF

The Marine National Facility (MNF) is Australia’s dedicated ocean research capability, 
enabling world-class marine and atmospheric research across our vast marine estate. 
Funded by the Australian Government, including funding from the National Collaborative 
Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), it is operated by CSIRO, Australia’s national 
science agency, on behalf of the nation. 

The MNF includes the advanced ocean-class research 
vessel (RV) Investigator, a suite of scientific equipment, 
technical staff and expertise, and more than 40 years 
of freely available marine data. Operation of the MNF is 
overseen by an independent Steering Committee and sea 
time on RV Investigator is awarded by independent advisory 
committees through a competitive application process.

RV Investigator caters to the diverse and multidisciplinary 
research needs of Australian marine researchers and their 
international collaborators. It provides the capability for a 
broad range of oceanographic, biological, atmospheric and 
geophysical research. In addition, the vessel provides a vital 
catalyst for maritime education, outreach and training. 

RV Investigator can accommodate a research team 
of 40 participants, stay at sea for 60 days, and cover 
10,000 nautical miles per voyage. 

The vessel can operate anywhere from the Antarctic 
ice edge to the tropics. With the delivery in 2020 of 
the 10‑year strategy, MNF 2030, the MNF is fulfilling its 
mission to facilitate safe, efficient and excellent marine 
and atmospheric research that is aligned with national 
priorities and addresses challenges facing Australia’s 
society, economy and environment. RV Investigator is 
funded for full year operations until 2026–27.



From the Chair

It’s been a great privilege for me to take on the role of Chair 
of the MNF Steering Committee (MNFSC) this past year and 
gain a fuller insight into the important work of the MNF. 
I’d like to acknowledge the previous Chair, Dr Sue Barrell, 
for her stewardship and immense contribution to the 
MNFSC over the past six years.

What a year it’s been for the MNF and our collaborators, 
delivering outstanding marine science through this 
important infrastructure. The team undertook seven 
research voyages which supported a range of geospatial, 
atmospheric, oceanographic and biodiversity research 
that will improve Australia’s understanding of our region, 
oceans and environment into the future.

As we reflect on the past year, I want to acknowledge 
how critical the MNF’s partnerships with governments, 
universities and industries are to ensuring our infrastructure 
continues to enable world-class science and research to 
inform Australia’s marine management and policy. As you’ll 
read in this report, these close collaborations are allowing 
us to maximise the benefit from our national ocean research 
capability for all our stakeholders.

There are many research highlights featured throughout 
this Year in Review that showcase the breadth of science 
conducted on board RV Investigator. There have also been 
some amazing achievements which touched members of 
our Australian community in particular the identification 
of two shipwrecks, SS Nemesis and MV Noongah, that 
disappeared in separate tragedies off the coast of NSW 
many decades ago. This gave our MNF team and our 
partners the opportunity to provide closure to those 
who were deeply connected to the loved ones they lost. 
These experiences have touched our team and given us 
all the opportunity to reflect on the work we do to deliver 
national benefit.

The MNF Steering Committee (MNFSC) and its two 
assessment committees, the Research Advisory Committee 
(RAC) and the National Benefit Advisory Committee (NBAC), 
also had a productive year. There were some movements 
across our committees, with NBAC welcoming new 
members Ms Belinda Jago, and Dr Jodie Smith, and early 
career researcher (ECR) Member Dr Todd Bond.

Two ECR members joined RAC, with Dr Pauline Latour and 
Dr Neil Malan participating in the 2024 review of applications. 

We farewelled Dr Michele Allan AO and welcomed Prof 
Alex Brown into the CSIRO Board Observer role on the 
MNFSC and, also welcomed Dr Rhonda Bartley as Australian 
Antarctic Division (AAD) ex officio, Dr Lyndon Llewellyn as 
National Marine Science Committee (NMSC) ex officio, and 
Dr Beth Woods as a new independent member of MNFSC.

I’d like to express my gratitude for the contributions made 
by members of these committees and to the entire MNF 
team and our collaborators for your ongoing passion and 
commitment to our operations and research program.

Congratulations to all on another successful year 
of marine science.

Ms Anne-Marie Lansdown
Chair, MNF Steering Committee



Iceberg view from through RV Investigator 
bridge windows. Image: Francis Chui

From the Director

The 2023–24 year was pivotal for the MNF as we focused 
on planning for a program of major upgrades and 
enhancements for RV Investigator as part of its middle 
of life refit. This will ensure the vessel continues to meet 
the needs of Australian marine researchers and their 
collaborators to deliver research that helps us better 
understand our oceans and climate into the future. 

We hosted 226 researchers and 28 students onboard 
RV Investigator, collected more than 34 terabytes of data 
(made freely available to researchers and the public), 
and mapped approximately 358,000 square kilometres of 
seafloor. These are just a few highlights which hint at the 
breadth of what was achieved. I’d encourage you to dive 
into the case studies within this report to truly comprehend 
the impacts of the research program delivered this year. 

In addition to our successful research program, the MNF 
team spent a significant part of the year preparing for the 
middle of life refit (Mid-Life Refit) project. This project, 
which is being initiated in the 10th year of vessel 
operations, will see a range of exciting scientific upgrades 
and enhancements delivered to RV Investigator over 
coming years. The Mid-Life Refit is designed to ensure 
RV Investigator continues to provide world-class scientific 
research capabilities for the next decade.

The past year hasn’t come without its challenges, 
with the sustainability of MNF funding a major focus 
of our leadership team. We have worked diligently 
with our funders, CSIRO and the Australian Government’s 
National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy, 
to secure funding for full year operations of 
RV Investigator up until 2026–27. To set up the MNF 
for financial sustainability from 2027–28 and beyond, 
we will continue to investigate alternative funding 
options to operate the MNF at full capacity. 

Finally, I’d like to thank our team of passionate MNF staff 
and MMA ship crew who are critical to the success of 
our research voyage program. This team is committed 
to delivering safe and successful voyages for our science 
community, and I’m incredibly grateful to them for their 
dedication and achievements during the year. 

Enjoy reading our MNF Year in Review. 

Toni Moate 
Director, Marine National Facility



Waving off the 100th voyage. Image: Thomas Moore

2023–24 snapshot

48,917

km travelled

298 (98%)

operational days 
% target delivered

358,146.57

km2 area mapped

34.18

terrabytes of 
data collected

9 datasets 
(external sites)

48 datasets hosted 
by MNF Information 
and Data Centre

Number of CTD casts

512

Profile CTD distance

1,007,055 m

Deepest CTD cast

6021 m

IN2024_T01 at -38.93°, 126.97° 
on 15 March 2024

5 participating countries 

28

participating students 

226

participating researchers

54

journal articles

with publication date 
within the financial year



Research delivered and supported

The MNF’s 2023–24 research voyage program was marked by many achievements, 
with RV Investigator travelling from ice edge to the tropics to support priority research 
areas identified in the MNF 2030 strategy. 

One of the significant highlights for the year was the delivery 
of the vessel’s longest ever voyage of 60 days in January to 
March 2024 to conduct ocean and atmospheric research 
along the coast of Antarctica and in the Southern Ocean.

Before this, in October 2023, RV Investigator chased 
mesoscale eddies in the East Australian Current (EAC) 
system, which have become increasingly prevalent 
due to climate change and are driving ocean warming. 
Collaborative efforts like this are enhancing our 
understanding of eddy interactions and helping to improve 
ocean forecasting, ultimately benefiting all Australians and 
especially coastal communities.

The vessel delivered several important biodiversity and 
habitat surveys including the South-East Australian Marine 
Ecosystem Survey (SEA-MES) voyages I and II in July 2023 
and May 2024. This multi-voyage project is documenting 
ecological changes and providing crucial insights for the 
effective planning and management of marine industries. 

In February 2024, the MNF opened its 2026–27 Primary 
Application Call which invited Australian researchers 
and their international collaborators to apply for fully 
funded grants of sea time on RV Investigator to conduct 
excellent research of national benefit. The outcomes of this 
Application Call will be announced in early 2025. 

10 years of 
RV Investigator 

In 2024, we celebrate 10 years of 
RV Investigator supporting, enabling 
and inspiring marine science for 
Australia after it first arrived in its 
home port of Hobart in September 
2014 and was 
commissioned into 
service in December 
the same year. 

Let’s look at some of the achievements of Australia’s 
amazing science ship over the past decade! 

• 110 voyages from ice to equator 
• 516,592 km travelled 
• 1427 participants from 215 institutions
• 3,244,810 km2 seafloor mapped 
• 112 new species described 
• 6 shipwrecks discovered 
• 3895 km of CTD casts (end-to-end) 
• 1st mobile Global Atmosphere Watch station 
• 1844 voyage publications




Map of 2023–24 voyages



Image: Hugh Barker

Voyages delivered

July 2023 

IN2023_V05 Multi-year: Untangling the 
causes of change over 25 years in the 
southeast marine ecosystem – Voyage I 
[Hobart to Hobart]

Led by CSIRO, this voyage departed Hobart on 28 June 2023 
to conduct a repeat survey of the biodiversity and habitats 
of the marine waters of south-east Australia. This was the 
first of four voyages in a multi-voyage project called the 
South-East Australian Marine Ecosystem Survey (SEA‑MES). 
This fishery and ecosystem assessment will compare 
current data with that collected on surveys in this region 
25 years ago. The project is seeking to document ecosystem 
changes and establish new biological and environmental 
baselines. The knowledge generated will be essential 
for better planning and managing current and emerging 
industries and protecting important habitats and species 
throughout the region. 

The voyage also commenced an innovative trial program 
to directly compare two traditional sampling methods – 
demersal trawl and deep towed camera – with two methods 
of environmental DNA (eDNA) collection to identify 
species present. An impressive count of 252 deployments 
were achieved during the voyage including 60 McKenna 
trawls, 87 deep towed camera runs and 62 conductivity, 
temperature, depth (CTD) casts. 

September 2023

IN2023_E03 Sea trials and calibration 
voyage [Hobart to Sydney]

The MNF completed a sea trials and calibration voyage in 
September 2023, which was also used as an opportunity 
to reposition RV Investigator from Hobart to Sydney in 
preparation for its next research voyage. 

During the voyage, an investigation of an unidentified 
shipwreck off the NSW coast was undertaken on behalf 
of Heritage NSW. The mapping data and video footage 
collected by CSIRO contributed to the identification of the 
wreck as the SS Nemesis, a steamship that sank in a storm 
in July 1904 with the tragic loss of all 32 lives on board.



Image: Amelia Pearson

Image: Linda Gaskell

Image: Lucinda Ross

October 2023

IN2023_V06 Understanding eddy 
interactions and their impacts in the East 
Australian Current [Sydney to Sydney] 

Led by the University of NSW, a team of 35 science 
participants from eight institutions embarked on this 
24‑day research voyage to the East Australian Current (EAC) 
off Sydney to study mesoscale ocean eddies. These ‘weather 
systems’ of the ocean move heat, salinity, marine life and 
other materials around. In the eddy-rich EAC system, eddies 
are penetrating further south as the climate changes, 
driving ocean warming. Collection of mesoscale eddy data 
during the voyage, including satellite and in-situ ocean 
measurements, will help improve ocean forecasts and 
predictions of eddy interactions. 

The voyage timing coincided with the pioneering 
high‑resolution Surface Water and Ocean Topography, 
(SWOT) satellite operated by NASA, which provides highly 
accurate sea-surface height observations. Ocean and 
atmosphere measurements were also taken along 
transect lines off the coast of NSW in the EAC from shelf 
waters (100 m depth) to deep ocean (4600 m depth) 
increasing understanding and certainty of ocean and 
storm forecasting. This will benefit end users ranging 
from the Royal Australian Navy to those who live in 
coastal communities.

November 2023

IN2023_V07 SWOT-ACC: Smaller scales of the 
Antarctic Circumpolar Current in a meander 
south of Tasmania [Hobart to Hobart] 

Led by CSIRO and the Australian Antarctic Program 
Partnership, this 36-day voyage into the heart of the 
Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) investigated why the 
planet’s strongest current, that helps keep the Antarctic 
frozen, is leaking warm water into the polar seas. 
The primary aim of the voyage was to study a standing 
meander in the ACC, which is a hotspot of eddy activity, 
cross-front exchange, and energetic small-scale motions. 
The study used in-situ measurements to validate data from 
precise satellite measurements of sea surface height via 
the new SWOT satellite. 

This voyage also supported the collection of a suite 
of aerosol, cloud, surface radiation and precipitation 
observations for the Bureau of Meteorology. 

An additional unique objective was to recover a 
Biogeochemical (BGC)-Argo float that was deployed 
during IN2020_V08. In nearly three years of operation, 
the float collected valuable data on a range of seawater 
properties. This was the first recovery of a BGC-Argo 
float of this kind in the Southern Ocean, using our newly 
configured recovery net.

November 2023

IN2023_T01 Transit voyage 
[Sydney to Hobart]

The objective of this voyage was to relocate 
RV Investigator in preparation for its next 
research voyage. 



Image: Amanda Finn-NOAA

Image: Helen Fry

January 2024 

IN2024_V01 Multidisciplinary Investigations 
of the Southern Ocean [Hobart to Fremantle] 

Led by CSIRO and the Australian Antarctic Program 
Partnership, the longest RV Investigator voyage to 
date, at 60 days, departed Hobart and headed south 
to Antarctic waters to conduct the large and complex 
‘Multidisciplinary Investigations of the Southern 
Ocean’ project. With 39 science participants from eight 
institutions, researchers on board aimed to characterise 
the properties of aerosols, clouds, radiation and 
precipitation over the Southern Ocean and investigate 
how they are shaped by interactions between the ocean, 
atmosphere and biosphere. 

As RV Investigator made its way west along the Antarctic 
ice margin, the ship also occupied the southern margins 
of several hydrographic Global Ocean Ship-based 
Hydrographic Investigations Program (Go-SHIP) lines, 
as well as occupying the I09 GO-SHIP line on its way back 
to Fremantle, allowing researchers to study these rarely 
visited areas near the ice edge. 

March 2024

IN2024_T01 Transit voyage 
[Fremantle to Hobart]

The primary objective of this voyage was to relocate 
RV Investigator ahead of its next research voyage. 
The transit provided an opportunity to deliver a variety 
of research, training and international exchange projects. 

With 36 science party participants (including 12 students) 
from 8 institutions, the voyage collected a range 
of geoscience, oceanographic and biological data. 
A highlight was the deepest CTD cast ever conducted 
from RV Investigator enabling the field testing of new 
instrumentation to depths beyond 6000 m. 



Image: Elizabeth Shadwick

March 2024

IN2024_V02 SOTS: automated moorings 
for climate and carbon cycle studies in the 
Southern Ocean [Hobart to Hobart] 

Led by Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System 
(IMOS), this voyage maintained the deep-water Southern 
Ocean Time Series (SOTS) moorings, which sustain long 
time-series observations in a critical part of the Southern 
Ocean, where ocean interactions are most intense and least 
studied. The voyage recovered the existing SOTS moorings 
and deployed a new set of moorings to maintain this 
automated oceanic monitoring array. 

During this voyage, the crew also retrieved an 
underwater glider which had been deployed in the 
Southern Ocean for more than two years collecting 
crucial climate data. These data will be used to validate 
the SWOT satellite data.

Four other opportunistic projects were undertaken on 
this voyage including a Flinders University study on the 
impact of microplastics on microbial and planktonic 
organisms; a CSIRO acoustic survey of basketwork eels; 
an oceanic latitudinal study of diatom silica production 
rates; and the acquisition of targeted seafloor 
bathymetry and towed magnetometer data. 

Supporting long‑term monitoring of the Southern Ocean

The vast Southern Ocean borders Australia’s southern 
coast and plays a significant role in the global ocean 
system and climate, absorbing carbon dioxide and heat 
from the atmosphere while providing the foundations 
of ocean food webs and oxygen in return. The Marine 
National Facility provides the capability to sustain 
long-term ocean and atmosphere monitoring in this 
challenging region. This is through its partnership with 
IMOS to maintain the SOTS deep‑water mooring array.

This project commenced on RV Investigator in March 
2015 and SOTS has to date sustained the longest time 
series of Southern Ocean observations operated 
by any nation. The data collected by this facility is 
contributing to the global effort to understand ocean 
dynamics and their role in climate and responses to 
anthropogenic emissions.

Importantly, during the reporting period, research 
was published that provided the first ever 
measurement of an increase in the magnitude of the 
Southern Ocean’s seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide. 
Improved understanding of our oceans and atmosphere 
is essential to enhance advice to the nation on climate 
variability affecting us now, assists in the development 
of future scenarios and impact assessments, and helps 
authorities make optimal decisions that will affect the 
nation’s future.



Image: Rich Little

May 2024

IN2024_V03 South-East Marine 
Ecosystem Survey (SEA-MES) Voyage II 
[Hobart to Sydney] 

Led by CSIRO, this voyage departed Hobart to conduct 
a repeat survey of the biodiversity and habitats of the 
marine waters of south-east Australia. It is the second 
of four voyages in the South-East Australian Marine 
Ecosystem Survey (SEA-MES) Program (see IN2023_V05 
entry above). The knowledge generated will be essential 
for better planning and managing current and emerging 
industries and protecting important habitats and species 
throughout the region. In addition, this voyage supported 
a pilot project to test an automatic seabird detector 
camera system.

An impressive operation count of 263 combined 
McKenna trawls, deep towed camera runs, CTD, Multinet 
and rectangular midwater trawl (RMT) deployments 
was achieved. 

June 2024

IN2024_V04 East Australian Current canyons 
survey [Sydney to Brisbane] 

Led by CSIRO, this voyage undertook detailed 
oceanographic, geophysical, and biological sampling in 
the East Australian Current. The studies were undertaken 
to investigate and detail the physical environment, the rate 
of turbulent mixing and upwelling of cool, nutrient rich 
water through the canyon, the benthic communities present 
within the canyons, and the use of the canyon environment 
by macrofauna such as whales and sea birds.

Indigenous Sea Country rangers participated in the voyage, 
providing marine mammal observations and valuable 
insight into scientific questions to be addressed from the 
perspective of Traditional Owners.

In addition, an investigation of an unidentified shipwreck 
off the NSW coast was conducted on behalf of Heritage 
NSW with the data collected helping to identify the wreck 
as MV Noongah. 



Collaboration for 
national benefit

Collaboration is integral to the success of the MNF. 
In 2023–24, our research partners included: 

• Australian Antarctic Program Partnership
• Australian Fisheries Management Authority
• Australian National University
• Bureau of Meteorology
• California Institute of Technology (USA)
• CSIRO
• Flinders University
• Griffith University
• Heritage NSW
• Integrated Marine Observing System
• Minderoo Foundation
• Monash University
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
Administration (USA)
• Parks Australia
• Queensland University of Technology
• Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre
• University of Melbourne
• University of New South Wales
• University of Queensland
• University of Tasmania
• University of Technology, Sydney
• University of Western Australia
• University of Wollongong 
• University of the Sunshine Coast
• University of Southampton (UK)
• University of British Columbia (CA)
• University of Auckland (NZ)
• University of Utah (USA)
• Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (USA)




RV Investigator was lit up in rainbow colours ahead of the March 2024 Sydney 
Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras parade to celebrate LGBTQIA+ staff and the 
organisation’s commitment to acceptance, diversity and equality.



28.5 million

traditional media audience reach

4.6 million

social media impressions

71,451

MNF website page views

8713

school students and teachers 
who joined Storytime 
from a Science Ship 
virtual event

5300

visitors to MNF’s new 
INVESTIGATE exhibit

1100

visitors to the ship 
open day in Sydney

200

guests at Blythe Star 
memorial presentations

35

students visited CSIRO Marine Laboratories, Hobart 
for the Working on Water Program and 30 Students for 
the Beacon Foundation Work-based Learning Program

9

MNF Virtual 
Work Experience 
Program students

MV Blythe Star talk. Image: Ben Arthur

Connecting with Australians 

A key commitment of the MNF is to deepen community understanding 
of marine and atmospheric science. 

During the past year, we delivered a range of activities 
and events to engage the community with our science, 
collaborators and infrastructure. 

Outreach highlights included Storytime from a Science Ship, 
a ship tour and virtual book reading for school students 
from aboard RV Investigator for National Science Week; 
a public open day on RV Investigator while in Sydney (in 
collaboration with Australian National Maritime Museum); 
national launch of the INVESTIGATE immersive marine 
science exhibit; ship tours for media in Hobart and Sydney; 
and public presentations at the memorial event for the 
50th anniversary of the loss of MV Blythe Star.



The INVESTIGATE science exhibit 

In 2023, we launched INVESTIGATE, a 3D marine 
science experience that offers Australians the chance 
to immerse themselves in the research undertaken 
on board RV Investigator. 

INVESTIGATE has been built in a repurposed shipping 
container, similar to the containerised science 
laboratories that are used on the vessel. It offers 
visitors a unique 3D multimedia experience, with 
the container’s roof and walls being equipped with 
video screens and a state-of-the-art sound system. 
Visitors are taken on a journey, above and below the 
waves, to explore the marine environment and the 
research we deliver, covering topics like oceanography, 
marine biology and seafloor mapping.

Visit mnf.csiro.au to find out where INVESTIGATE 
will be next!

Identifying and protecting underwater heritage 

While delivering its research program, RV Investigator 
contributed to two significant shipwreck identifications 
during 2023–24. In September 2023 while on a transit voyage 
from Hobart to Sydney, an investigation of an unidentified 
shipwreck off the NSW coast was conducted for Heritage 
NSW. This led to the identification of the wreck of SS Nemesis, 
which sank in 1904 with the loss of all 32 lives on board. 

In June 2024, an investigation of an unidentified shipwreck 
off the NSW coast was conducted during a research 
voyage. This was a collaborative project between CSIRO, 
Heritage NSW and The Sydney Project. The data and 
imagery collected led to the identification of the wreck as 
MV Noongah, which sank in 1969 with the loss of 21 of the 
26 crew aboard.

These discoveries deliver important outcomes for the 
nation. Finding and analysing a shipwreck can help 
us understand the circumstances that led to these 
tragedies. It can also help provide closure to affected 
communities whose loved ones were lost at sea. 
Knowing the current state of the shipwreck is important 
for heritage professionals and agencies who manage and 
protect the sites. Some shipwrecks are at risk of creating 
environmental damage such as fuel or oil leaks, so having 
data on them is vital for managing those risks.

Through the application of the impressive survey and 
scientific capabilities of RV Investigator, we are making 
an important contribution to maritime heritage work 
in Australia.

Image: Brad Harris

Seafloor mapping of SS Nemesis.



Contact us

1300 363 400
csiro.au/contact
csiro.au

For further information

Marine National Facility
+61 3 6232 5222
mnf@csiro.au
mnf.csiro.au

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agency, CSIRO is solving 
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